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Background For decades, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been regarded as the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy and safety […]

Target trial emulation is a causal inference framework that explicitly defines the protocol of a hypothetical randomized trial—the “target trial”—and

Introduction Modern epidemiology routinely employs three broad types of modelling frameworks—association, prediction, and causal modelling—each serving distinct scientific aims. Association

Introduction In both observational and Randomised Clinical Trial studies, the validity of causal inferences depends on the proper classification of